{"id":5268,"date":"2018-06-22T09:00:02","date_gmt":"2018-06-22T07:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agroferomonas.com\/?p=5268"},"modified":"2018-06-22T09:00:02","modified_gmt":"2018-06-22T07:00:02","slug":"la-unam-crea-invernadero-inteligente-para-cultivar-tomate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agroferomonas.com\/en\/la-unam-crea-invernadero-inteligente-para-cultivar-tomate\/","title":{"rendered":"La UNAM crea invernadero \u00abinteligente\u00bb para cultivar tomate"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00bb1″][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.2.2″]<\/p>\n

\n

Con automatizaci\u00f3n y manejo de biofertilizantes y biofungicidas, aumenta la productividad y disminuye costos, consumo de agua y tiempo de germinaci\u00f3n<\/h3>\n

Las plantas tardaron entre siete y 12 d\u00edas en dar su fruto<\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Expertos de la Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico trabajan en invernaderos automatizados para optimizar la agricultura de hortalizas mediante el control de variables f\u00edsicas y nutricionales (temperatura, radiaci\u00f3n, pH, humedad relativa, fertirriego), adem\u00e1s de utilizar biofertilizantes y biofungicidas desarrollados en esta casa de estudios. Con esos elementos, en un invernadero con automatizaci\u00f3n de nivel medio lograron una producci\u00f3n anual de entre 380 y 450 toneladas por hect\u00e1rea, cuando en uno comercial t\u00edpico es de 225 a 350 toneladas.<\/p>\n

Tambi\u00e9n se increment\u00f3 la cantidad de jitomate de primera calidad, aumentando as\u00ed las utilidades para el productor, expuso Enrique Galindo Fentanes, investigador del Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda (IBt). Adem\u00e1s, el costo disminuy\u00f3 de 7.6 pesos por kilogramo a 4.29; el consumo de agua se redujo de 30 a 14 litros; los tiempos de germinaci\u00f3n de 28 a 20 d\u00edas, y la carga qu\u00edmica de fertilizantes de 300 gramos por kilogramo producido (datos de campo abierto) a 42 g\/kg producido.<\/p>\n

El control de las variables ambientales, aunado a un buen trabajo cultural, evit\u00f3 la propagaci\u00f3n de plagas y, en consecuencia, el uso de plaguicidas.<\/p>\n

Las ventajas<\/h4>\n

Antonio Ju\u00e1rez, investigador del Instituto de Ciencias F\u00edsicas (ICF), resalt\u00f3 que un invernadero instrumentado incrementa la productividad inocua del jitomate, lo que le permite ajustarse a las medidas internacionales.<\/p>\n

El invernadero, detall\u00f3, est\u00e1 equipado con una pared h\u00fameda y ventiladores para su humidificaci\u00f3n y enfriamiento; cuenta con mallas-sombra para controlar la radiaci\u00f3n solar, y nebulizadores para regular la humedad relativa. \u201cEn colaboraci\u00f3n con la empresa Dussher desarrollamos un sistema de cortinas para regular la temperatura\u201d, detall\u00f3. Estos sistemas dependen de sensores que monitorean variables ambientales como radiaci\u00f3n, temperatura, humedad relativa y conductividad\/salinidad, entre otras. \u201cSi el cultivo requiere menor radiaci\u00f3n, las mallas se cierran autom\u00e1ticamente\u201d, agreg\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Los biofertilizantes y nutrientes se distribuyen a trav\u00e9s de un sistema de riego automatizado y la reducci\u00f3n del consumo de agua se logr\u00f3 con un sustrato mejorado, que consiste en una mezcla de tezontle y fibra de coco, dise\u00f1ada en Fideicomisos Instituidos en Relaci\u00f3n con la Agricultura (FIRA).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Control biol\u00f3gico<\/h4>\n

En noviembre 2012 la empresa de base tecnol\u00f3gica Agro&Biotecnia, en la que participan Leobardo Serrano Carre\u00f3n y Enrique Galindo, del IBt, lanzaron al mercado Fungifree AB, un biofungicida cuyo ingrediente principal, la bacteria Bacillus subtilis, se activa al contacto con el agua, germina y produce metabolitos que protegen a las hortalizas de un amplio espectro de pat\u00f3genos que causan enfermedades en al menos 23 cultivos, incluido el jitomate. Serrano Carre\u00f3n detall\u00f3 que el nitr\u00f3geno es uno de los nutrientes principales de las plantas; el problema en el campo es que para mejorar las cosechas se usa de manera indiscriminada (en fertilizantes qu\u00edmicos), pero la planta aprovecha solo 30 por ciento y el resto se filtra al suelo y contamina el agua.<\/p>\n

Desde 2009 la Unidad de Bioprocesos (UBP) del Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas de la UNAM y la empresa mexicana Biofabrica Siglo XXI colaboran para desarrollar Maxifer, un biofertilizante elaborado a base de Azospirillum brasilense, una bacteria que fija el nitr\u00f3geno del medio ambiente en la planta. \u201cAl aplicarla en el sustrato de la semilla del jitomate, la germinaci\u00f3n fue m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida. Pas\u00f3 de 28 a entre siete y 12 d\u00edas con nuestro biofertilizante, que estimula el crecimiento de ra\u00edces, por lo que la planta absorbe m\u00e1s nutrientes\u201d, destac\u00f3 Mauricio Trujillo, de la UBP.<\/p>\n

Los invernaderos inteligentes est\u00e1n en Tezoyuca, Morelos, y son un trabajo financiado por el programa de Problemas Nacionales del Conacyt.<\/p>\n

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